Overview
Top Medical Research Studies
We found that, in mice with EAE, inflammation indicators such as interleukin-17 (IL-17) significantly increased, while transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) levels decreased compared to healthy controls. Upon treating the EAE group with calcitriol, we observed a reversal of these changes, suggesting a substantial immunomodulatory effect, which eased symptoms typically associated with EAE.
Notably, we also noticed that calcitriol enhanced gene expression for interleukin-9 (IL-9) in both healthy and EAE mice. Overall, our findings support the notion that calcitriol holds promise as a potential treatment to alleviate the symptoms of multiple sclerosis through its anti-inflammatory properties.
Our findings revealed that lower VitD levels were linked to a greater likelihood of disease activity, specifically noting that patients with VitD levels below 20 ng/mL faced more than double the risk of experiencing such activity. Interestingly, we found that genetic factors also played a role; those with a genetic predisposition to higher VitD levels were more likely to have a delayed onset of MS and a better chance of maintaining a status known as No-Evidence of Disease Activity-3 (NEDA-3).
Through further analysis using Mendelian randomization, we confirmed that there is a causal relationship between VitD levels and disease activity in MS. This research highlights the potential benefits of monitoring and possibly supplementing VitD for patients, prompting a greater interest in lifestyle changes that could help manage the disease.
We focused on how these vitamin D3 supplements affected the gene expression of immune cells. After analyzing blood samples from 55 participants both at the beginning and end of the study, we observed that higher doses of vitamin D significantly influenced immune cell activity. Specifically, we found pathways linked to antigen presentation and viral responses became more active, while pathways associated with energy production and certain immune signals, like tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-17, were less active.
Overall, the results indicate that vitamin D3 supplementation can lead to an anti-inflammatory shift in immune gene expression, suggesting a potential protective role in the development of MS. This study supports the hypothesis that vitamin D3 could be an effective strategy, showing a dose-dependent relationship in immune response modulation.
Most Useful Reviews
Medical Researches
- All Researches
We discovered that dendritic cells derived from MS patients showed reduced tolerogenic capabilities. However, when we applied vitamin D3 and directly activated the AhR, we were able to restore these properties. Furthermore, combining vitamin D3 with a drug known as dimethyl fumarate (DMF) not only enhanced the tolerogenic effects but also provided a more effective treatment option in experiments on mice.
Our findings suggest that a combined therapy utilizing DMF and vitamin D3-tolerogenic dendritic cells has great potential in improving treatment for MS. However, it is worth noting that the analysis focuses on the combination therapy rather than isolating the effects of vitamin D alone.
We found that, in mice with EAE, inflammation indicators such as interleukin-17 (IL-17) significantly increased, while transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) levels decreased compared to healthy controls. Upon treating the EAE group with calcitriol, we observed a reversal of these changes, suggesting a substantial immunomodulatory effect, which eased symptoms typically associated with EAE.
Notably, we also noticed that calcitriol enhanced gene expression for interleukin-9 (IL-9) in both healthy and EAE mice. Overall, our findings support the notion that calcitriol holds promise as a potential treatment to alleviate the symptoms of multiple sclerosis through its anti-inflammatory properties.
Our findings indicated that vitamin D3 could alleviate symptoms of EAE in rats and reduce the severity of their condition. We observed that it also inhibited the expression of SphK1, which is responsible for producing S1P, leading to lower levels of this inflammatory mediator. In the laboratory environment, vitamin D3 significantly reduced cell death induced by S1P in PC12 cells, showing an improvement in cell attachment quality and overall health.
Additionally, vitamin D3 appeared to block pathways that are known to lead to inflammation and cell death. We noticed reductions in certain cytokines and apoptosis markers, which are associated with inflammatory responses. There was also an increase in a protein linked to nerve cell protection, suggesting vitamin D3 has multiple mechanisms through which it operates.
In summary, our research supports the idea that vitamin D3 has a protective effect against MS by lowering S1P levels and influencing several related pathways. This opens up promising avenues for vitamin D3 to be considered in combination therapies aimed at treating this challenging condition.
Our findings showed that these patients initially had low vitamin D levels and high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Over the course of the study, participants who received vitamin D supplementation demonstrated a notable decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Additionally, the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines improved, suggesting that vitamin D may help shift the immune response towards a more protective profile.
Interestingly, while some patients also received immunotherapy, our data indicated that Vitamin D supplementation might independently contribute to better immune regulation. Patients with higher pro-inflammatory cytokine ratios appeared more susceptible to relapses, emphasizing the potential role of Vitamin D in managing MS symptoms.
This research supports the idea that having adequate levels of Vitamin D could be vital for those facing MS, as it may offer a protective mechanism through improving immune responses. Ultimately, vitamin D supplementation could be an essential component of a comprehensive treatment plan for MS patients.
The findings were promising. We observed that after initiating GLP-1 treatment, participants experienced a significant decrease in body mass index (BMI) by an average of 3.7%. Moreover, there was an increase in vitamin D levels, with an average rise of 8.1 ng/mL. However, there were no notable changes in disability status or walking speed.
Importantly, we found that patients did not experience any hospitalizations or deaths during the study period following GLP-1 usage. This suggests that GLP-1 medications are not only safe for people with MS but also effective in boosting vitamin D levels, which may play a role in managing MS symptoms.
User Reviews
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
Frequently Asked Questions
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, specifically the brain and spinal cord. In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers known as myelin, leading to inflammation and damage. This disruption in communication between the brain and different parts of the body can result in a wide range of symptoms, including fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness, and problems with vision. The severity and types of symptoms can vary significantly from person to person, as well as over the course of the disease, which may manifest in cycles of exacerbations and remissions.
There are several forms of MS, including relapsing-remitting MS (the most common type), primary progressive MS, and secondary progressive MS. While the exact cause of MS is still not fully understood, factors such as genetic predisposition and environmental triggers are believed to play a role. Currently, there is no cure for MS, but treatment options exist that can help manage symptoms, reduce the frequency of flare-ups, and slow the progress of the disease. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms suggestive of MS, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and tailored management plan.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that's essential for maintaining healthy bones and teeth, supporting immune system function, and facilitating normal cell growth and development. It plays a crucial role in calcium absorption in the gut, which is vital for bone health. Unlike most vitamins, our bodies can produce Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, specifically UVB rays, which is why it’s often referred to as the "sunshine vitamin." However, depending on your geographical location, lifestyle, and skin type, getting sufficient Vitamin D from the sun alone can be challenging, particularly during the winter months.
In addition to sunlight, Vitamin D can be obtained from certain foods such as fatty fish (like salmon and mackerel), fish liver oils, and fortified foods like milk and cereals. Some individuals may also consider supplements, especially if they're at risk for deficiency. Insufficient vitamin D levels are linked to various health issues, including rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults, and even an increased risk of chronic diseases. Regularly checking your vitamin D levels and consulting with a healthcare professional can help ensure you're meeting your needs for optimal health.
Current research suggests that Vitamin D may play a role in multiple sclerosis (MS), although more studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, and some studies have indicated that individuals with MS often have lower levels of Vitamin D compared to those without the disease. This has led researchers to explore whether adequate Vitamin D levels could potentially have a protective effect or mitigate the severity of MS symptoms.
Some observational studies suggest a correlation between higher Vitamin D levels and a reduced risk of developing MS or a slower progression of the disease in diagnosed individuals. However, while Vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial for overall health and immune function, it's important to note that it should not be viewed as a standalone treatment for MS. If you or someone you know is considering Vitamin D supplementation as part of their MS management plan, it's crucial to consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice and to ensure it complements other established treatments.
Based on user reviews, the timeframe to see results from Vitamin D3 supplementation can vary, but many users report noticing positive effects soon after initiating their regimen. One individual mentioned that the "dosage works quickly," indicating that they experienced benefits within a short period following the start of their supplementation ((Read Review)). Other users emphasized the importance of consistent intake, particularly during seasons when sunlight exposure is limited, which could also influence how quickly one might feel improvements in their health related to multiple sclerosis.
Furthermore, the critical role of Vitamin D3 in managing autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis has been highlighted by users who regularly monitor their vitamin D levels to ensure they are effectively managing their condition ((Read Review)). It seems that users advocating for Vitamin D3 supplementation agree that while some may feel initial benefits quickly, maintaining a consistent regimen, particularly during winter months, is key to ongoing health improvements.
The research surrounding vitamin D as a potential supplement for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) indicates a promising yet nuanced relationship. Several studies suggest that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels could play a role in managing MS symptoms by influencing the immune response, potentially reducing the risk of relapses and disease activity [1][4][11]. For example, one study found that vitamin D supplementation improved the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients, which may bolster immune regulation [1]. However, while some findings align with a hypothesis that vitamin D is beneficial, others indicate that supplemental vitamin D alone may not lead to significant improvements in clinical outcomes like relapse rates and disability levels [8][23].
In addition, multiple studies report that individuals with MS often have lower vitamin D levels and that deficiency may correlate with increased disease severity [11][18]. That said, the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in altering disease progression or improving quality of life remains inconclusive, underlining the complexity of treatment approaches tailored to this diverse condition [8][23]. Overall, while vitamin D supplementation may be a worthwhile consideration for MS management, further rigorous research is needed to solidify its definitive role and to inform dosage recommendations for potential benefits.
Based on user reviews, many individuals report significant improvements in their health after incorporating Vitamin D3 into their daily regimen. Users frequently highlight enhanced immunity and reduced risks of viral diseases, particularly during winter months when sunlight is scarce. One reviewer emphasized that Vitamin D3 is "vital for various bodily functions" and noted its importance in areas with limited sunlight, supporting the idea that supplementation is crucial for maintaining overall health during these times ((Read Review)).
Additionally, users have shared that they experience positive effects quickly after starting Vitamin D3, especially those over 50, who noted benefits for bone health and the prevention of serious conditions like multiple sclerosis ((Read Review)). Others have emphasized the necessity of regular testing to monitor vitamin D levels to manage autoimmune diseases effectively, reiterating the importance of consistent supplementation throughout the year ((Read Review)). While individual results can vary, the consensus among users is that Vitamin D3 plays a beneficial role in improving overall health and preventing chronic illnesses.
Based on user reviews, many individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) have found that combining Vitamin D3 with other supplements can yield positive outcomes in managing their condition. For instance, one user who was diagnosed with MS at 23 emphasized the importance of Vitamin D3 for managing autoimmune diseases and advocated for regular vitamin level testing to optimize health outcomes ((Read Review)). Additionally, another user highlighted Vitamin D3's crucial role in regulating immunity and preventing the deterioration of health often associated with MS, signaling the necessity of a well-rounded approach that may include other nutrients alongside D3 ((Read Review)).
Moreover, users generally recommend maintaining higher doses of Vitamin D3 during the winter months when sunlight exposure is limited, suggesting that individuals might consider combining it with other supplements aimed at bolstering health during these periods ((Read Review)). This highlights a community-level consensus on the synergistic benefits of integrating Vitamin D3 with other health-supporting supplements for improved outcomes in dealing with MS.
Users have shared valuable insights regarding the appropriate dosage of Vitamin D, specifically D3, for managing Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A common theme among reviewers is the recognition of Vitamin D3's crucial role in supporting immune function and reducing the risk of autoimmune diseases, including MS. Many have found that monitoring and adjusting vitamin D levels is essential, especially in areas with limited sunlight. One user emphasized the significance of taking D3 regularly and opting for higher doses during winter months to maintain health and prevent complications (Read Review).
While some users did not specify exact dosages, they expressed satisfaction with brands like NOW Vitamin D3, citing its quality and value (Read Review) and noted they experienced positive health improvements soon after starting supplementation. Another user diagnosed with MS highlighted the importance of Vitamin D in managing their condition and recommended regular testing to ensure adequate levels (Read Review). Overall, users advocate for D3 supplementation as a vital component of managing MS and maintaining overall health.
Our findings showed that these patients initially had low vitamin D levels and high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Over the course of the study, participants who received vitamin D supplementation demonstrated a notable decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Additionally, the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines improved, suggesting that vitamin D may help shift the immune response towards a more protective profile.
Interestingly, while some patients also received immunotherapy, our data indicated that Vitamin D supplementation might independently contribute to better immune regulation. Patients with higher pro-inflammatory cytokine ratios appeared more susceptible to relapses, emphasizing the potential role of Vitamin D in managing MS symptoms.
This research supports the idea that having adequate levels of Vitamin D could be vital for those facing MS, as it may offer a protective mechanism through improving immune responses. Ultimately, vitamin D supplementation could be an essential component of a comprehensive treatment plan for MS patients.
The findings were promising. We observed that after initiating GLP-1 treatment, participants experienced a significant decrease in body mass index (BMI) by an average of 3.7%. Moreover, there was an increase in vitamin D levels, with an average rise of 8.1 ng/mL. However, there were no notable changes in disability status or walking speed.
Importantly, we found that patients did not experience any hospitalizations or deaths during the study period following GLP-1 usage. This suggests that GLP-1 medications are not only safe for people with MS but also effective in boosting vitamin D levels, which may play a role in managing MS symptoms.
Our findings reveal that individuals who are vitamin D deficient have a 54% higher chance of developing MS compared to those with sufficient vitamin D levels. Interestingly, when we looked closer, we found that this increased risk was particularly pronounced in studies that did not include participants taking vitamin D supplements.
Conversely, studies that included participants taking vitamin D supplements showed no significant increase in MS risk. This suggests that while vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher likelihood of developing MS, the role of vitamin D supplementation may alter this relationship.
Overall, it seems that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels could be a significant, modifiable factor in reducing the risk of MS. However, more research is needed to fully understand the impact of vitamin D treatments on those already diagnosed with MS.
Each of these studies confirmed that vitamin D administration significantly boosted levels of serum 25(OH)D compared to placebos. Most of these studies also indicated improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain lesion markers, which suggests that vitamin D may have some positive effects related to brain health.
However, when it comes to other important aspects—such as relapse rates, fatigue, and disability levels—most studies did not find significant benefits from vitamin D treatment compared to placebo. While some indicators, like the quality of life reflected through transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), showed improvements, overall, the findings regarding the effectiveness of vitamin D in treating MS symptoms and relapses remain inconclusive.
In summary, while vitamin D supplementation does seem to raise certain health markers, its role in effectively treating MS is still uncertain.
The findings revealed that vitamin D supplementation, despite its promise, did not significantly improve clinical outcomes in these individuals. Specifically, we observed no notable changes in measures like the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), annualized relapse rates (ARR), or the count of new T2 lesions at 6 to 24 months after treatment.
Although the reduction in new T2 lesions was not significant, it raises questions about potential long-term benefits that could emerge with continued research. Thus, while current evidence suggests that vitamin D supplementation alone may not enhance MS management, the topic certainly warrants further exploration.
Our experiments involved developing different types of dendritic cells from the blood of both healthy individuals and MS patients. By exposing these cells to MOG35-55 and observing their interactions with T cells over multiple cycles, we noticed a remarkable shift in the immune environment. Particularly, the dendritic cells soaked in Vitamin D3 exhibited promising results in enhancing the tolerance of T cells, showing increased levels of specific markers associated with immune regulation.
What's noteworthy is that these Vitamin D3-treated dendritic cells led to the highest occurrence of T cells indicating active regulation and suppression of autoimmune responses. This finding suggests a potential path forward toward tailored therapies for MS that leverage the immune-modulatory properties of Vitamin D3.
In conclusion, while we observed the potential benefits of Vitamin D3 in this context, we must also highlight that its effect was part of a complex interplay with other factors. Our study lays the groundwork for developing personalized vaccines or treatments for multiple sclerosis, emphasizing the role of specific immune modulation.
References
- Al-Shammri S, Chattopadhyay A, Raghupathy R. Vitamin D supplementation mediates a shift towards anti-inflammatory cytokine response in Multiple Sclerosis. Med Princ Pract. 2025. doi:10.1159/000544106
- Rasheed A, Khan G. Epstein-Barr virus, vitamin D and the immune response: connections with consequences for multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1503808. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1503808
- Lis M, Niedziela N, Adamczyk-Zostawa J, Zalejska-Fiolka J, Szczygieł J, et al. Comparative Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Oxidative Stress in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024;46:14119. doi:10.3390/cimb46120845
- Balshi A, Leuenberger G, Dempsey J, Baber U, Sloane JA. Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist safety and efficacy in a multiple sclerosis cohort. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2025;93:106229. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.106229
- Yu XH, Lu HM, Li J, Su MZ, Li XM, et al. Association between 25(OH) vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: cohort, shared genetics, and Causality. Nutr J. 2024;23:151. doi:10.1186/s12937-024-01059-4
- France-Ratcliffe M, Harrison SL, Verma LA, Abdul-Rahim AH, McCallum L, et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;92:106155. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.106155
- Niedziela N, Nowak-Kiczmer M, Malciene L, Stasiołek M, Niedziela JT, et al. Serum Vitamin D3 as a Potential Biomarker for Neuronal Damage in Smoldering Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. doi:10.3390/ijms251910502
- Gill A, Orji C, Reghefaoui M, Peresuodei TS, Thota P, et al. The Effectiveness of Vitamin D Intake in Improving Symptoms and Relapses of Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024;16:e68565. doi:10.7759/cureus.68565
- Fondelli F, Willemyns J, Domenech-Garcia R, Mansilla MJ, Godoy-Tena G, et al. Targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor functionally restores tolerogenic dendritic cells derived from patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest. 2024;134. doi:10.1172/JCI178949
- Alelyani M, Gameraddin M, Alshahrani R, Alaslami W, Sarhan R, et al. Assessment of vitamin D status and associated risk factors in high-altitude populations affected by multiple sclerosis: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103:e38369. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000038369
- Balasooriya NN, Elliott TM, Neale RE, Vasquez P, Comans T, et al. The association between vitamin D deficiency and multiple sclerosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;90:105804. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105804
- Lis M, Niedziela N, Adamczyk-Zostawa J, Zalejska-Fiolka J, Błachut M, et al. Can Vitamin D Reduce Inflammation? The Influence of Supplementation on Selected Immunological Markers. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. doi:10.3390/ijms25147592
- Lis M, Niedziela N, Adamczyk-Zostawa J, Wierzbicki K, Czuba Z, et al. Can Vitamin D Supplementation Improve Inflammation in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients?. Biomedicines. 2024;12. doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071580
- Giordano A, Clarelli F, Pignolet B, Mascia E, Sorosina M, et al. Vitamin D affects the risk of disease activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2025;96:170. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2024-334062
- France-Ratcliffe M, Harrison SL, Verma LA, Abdul-Rahim AH, McCallum L, et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;92:106155. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.106155
- Niedziela N, Nowak-Kiczmer M, Malciene L, Stasiołek M, Niedziela JT, et al. Serum Vitamin D3 as a Potential Biomarker for Neuronal Damage in Smoldering Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. doi:10.3390/ijms251910502
- Fondelli F, Willemyns J, Domenech-Garcia R, Mansilla MJ, Godoy-Tena G, et al. Targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor functionally restores tolerogenic dendritic cells derived from patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest. 2024;134. doi:10.1172/JCI178949
- Rodi M, de Lastic AL, Panagoulias I, Aggeletopoulou I, Kelaidonis K, et al. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 Mannan Conjugate Induces Human T-Cell Tolerance and Can Be Used as a Personalized Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. doi:10.3390/ijms25116092
- Maghbooli Z, Shirvani A, Moghadasi AN, Varzandi T, Hamtaei Ghashti S, et al. Investigating the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis patients: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial- a pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;87:105673. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105673
- Fasihi M, Samimi-Badabi M, Robat-Jazi B, Bitarafan S, Moghadasi AN, et al. Immunoregulatory Effects of the Active Form of Vitamin D (Calcitriol), Individually and in Combination with Curcumin, on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2024;23:138. doi:10.2174/0118715230293847240314073359
- Yeh WZ, Gresle M, Lea R, Taylor B, Lucas RM, et al. The immune cell transcriptome is modulated by vitamin D supplementation in people with a first demyelinating event participating in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Immunol. 2024;262:110183. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2024.110183
- Qu F, Zhang M, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R, Qu J, et al. An ultra-sensitive and high-throughput trapping-micro-LC-MS method for quantification of circulating vitamin D metabolites and application in multiple sclerosis patients. Sci Rep. 2024;14:5545. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55939-0
- Mahler JV, Solti M, Apóstolos-Pereira SL, Adoni T, Silva GD, et al. Vitamin D as an add-on treatment for multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;82:105433. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105433
- Robat-Jazi B, Oraei M, Bitarafan S, Mesbah-Namin SA, Noori-Zadeh A, et al. Immunoregulatory Effect of Calcitriol on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Mice. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023;22:452. doi:10.18502/ijaai.v22i5.13995
- Wang Z, Yi SY, Zhang YY, Wang YD, Chen HL, et al. The role of vitamin D through SphK1/S1P in the regulation of MS progression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2024;236:106425. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106425
- Carlberg C, Mycko MP. Linking Mechanisms of Vitamin D Signaling with Multiple Sclerosis. Cells. 2023;12. doi:10.3390/cells12192391
- Sangha A, Quon M, Pfeffer G, Orton SM. The Role of Vitamin D in Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis: An Update. Nutrients. 2023;15. doi:10.3390/nu15132978
- López-Muñoz P, Torres-Costoso AI, Fernández-Rodríguez R, Guzmán-Pavón MJ, de Arenas-Arroyo SN, et al. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2023;15. doi:10.3390/nu15132861
- Gselman S, Fabjan TH, Bizjak A, Potočnik U, Gorenjak M. Cholecalciferol Supplementation Induced Up-Regulation of Gene and Down-Regulated miR-155-5p Expression in Slovenian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Genes (Basel). 2023;14. doi:10.3390/genes14061237
- Essa SA, Elokda A, Mosaad D, Shendy W, Abdel-Nasser M, et al. Efficacy of ultraviolet B radiation versus vitamin D on postural control and cognitive functions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled study. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2023;35:49. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.04.069
